1cy: The great majority can not be sexed, but a small fraction of 1cy (in our sample 1,6 % [4 out of all 242 1cy birds]) show a slight red-orange tinge on the chin, throat or upper chest, proving them as males.

2cy+: Easily sexed due to the fact that males retain most (or at least parts) of their orange chin and throat during autumn/winter, while females are pale buff or off-white. Very exceptionally, females are said to show some orange-red on chin (see Svensson [1992]), but should reasonably still be reckognized as females on the lack of cold grey areas in e.g. sides of neck, throat and breast.